PRESIDENT GOODLUCK JONATHAN RECEIVING THE REPORT OF 2011 HAJJ FROM SULTAN OF SOKOTO AND LEADER OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DELEGATION TO THE HAJJ, ALHAJI SA'AD ABUBAKAR TODAY TUESDAY AT THE STATE HOUSE IN ABUJA
President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan has urged the Nigeria Inter Religious Council, NIREC, as the umbrella body of the two major religions in the country, to take a united position to commend or condemn positive or negative actions and utterances of groups and individuals that may threaten the peace of the nation.
President Jonathan said such joint action would show the teeming adherents of both religions, especially the youth, that there was unity and love among their leaders.
The President was speaking to members of the executive committee of the Nigerian Inter Religious Council, NIREC, at State House, Tuesday.
He acknowledged the security challenges confronting the country, but said government would continue to do its best, adding that this was a passing phase in the nation’s development.
President Jonathan assured NIREC that Government would continue to consult with them and seek their advice as necessary.
Earlier, NIREC submitted recommendations to President Jonathan about various national issues in the country.
The NIREC executive was led to State House by the Co-Chairmen, His Eminence, the Sultan of Sokoto, Alhaji Saad Abubakar III and Christian Association of Nigeria president, Pastor Ayo Oritsejafor.
The emergence of Governor Umaru Tanko Al-Makura as the third executive Governor of Nasarawa State is one episode that will continue to linger on the minds of the people of Nasarawa State.
This is because twelve years after democratic dispensation the state had never witness considerable transformation an act that is achieved barely one year of Governor Umaru Tanko Al-Maura’s administration.
Soon after his assumption of duty as Governor, Umaru Tanko Al-Makura inspected all abandoned and ongoing projects as well as other government facilities with a view to indentifying the quality of job done for improve completion.
Apart from inspection of government facilities, the Governor had in the first instance identified some of the immediate key needs of the state which include absence of portable water, epileptic power or total absence of electricity as well as lack of access roads within the state capital.
The Governor immediately provided the required inputs in the water sector and behold water began to flow in every parts of the state; this was achieved within one month in office.
The power in 100 days initiative programme of Governor Umaru Tanko Al-Makura is one practical programme that has save the people of Nasarawa State from epileptic power supply to a well improve distribution of electricity across the State through provision of assorted transformers and other electricity inputs to actualise the programme.
Now the people of Nasarawa State have every reason to celebrate this initiative of Governor Umaru Tanko Al-Makura, the messiah of our time.
The Governor awarded contract for the construction of asphalt access roads within the state capital as parts of effort to give the state capital a new face lift.
These include 4Km Kurikyo road, 1.4km Alkali road street and 1km Ministry of information Ado Muazu road thereby giving the total the cost of over Five Hundred and Forty Two Million Naira (N542,000,000:00).
Other roads awarded for construction include 900m Abdul-Shitu-Ministry of Information-Kurikyo road junction and Abdulkura Street at the cost of One Hundred and Thirty Eight Million Naira (N138, 000,000:00).
The 4.8km Lafia East-Government House-NADP Quarters towards Makon-Giji Shendam road junction and 1.2km peoples Bank-new market roads as well as the 1.5km Agwai junction Anguwan Nungu junction was also awarded at cost of 1.3billion Naira.
Most of the roads have been completed while others are 80% completed.
Apart from the construction of access roads within the state capital the Governor also procured assorted earth moving equipment which has since being distributed to the three Senatorial zones of the state to open up roads within the local Government headquarters and entire villages, work has commenced in earnest and the rural people are happy with this golden initiative of Governor Al-Makura.
In order to revitalise the transport system of the State, Governor Al-Makura purchased 40 new brand buses and 100 Keke- NAPEP as well as provision of traffic light at strategic junctions within the state capital to ease transport and traffic challenges.
For the first time in Nasarawa State parent’s heave a sign of relief as Government upset both WAEC and NECO fees of all students in Government Schools.
The Government did not stop at that but also awarded contract for the construction and renovation of Primary and post Primary Schools inclusive of special schools for the physically challenge persons in the three Senatorial Zones of the State.
The signing of memorandum of understanding (MoU) between the state government and National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure (NASENI) which will also avail students the opportunity to acquire some technical knowledge for the production of other facilities. This is another milestone achieved in the education sector.
Governor Umaru Tanko Al-Makura has virtually touched every sector positively as farmers now have easy access to fertilizer and other agricultural inputs. The completion and commissioning of Lafia modern market as well as renovation of Karu International market truly shows that the man, Governor Al-Makura is a messiah sent to salvage the people of Nasarawa State.
It may interest the reader of this piece to note that before this administration came on board.
The previous government of Aliyu Akwe Doma usually access an over draft of about Eight Hundred and Fifty Million Naira to argument payment of salaries.
But on assumption of duty, Governor Umaru Tanko Al-Makura commenced payment of salaries without over draft and prudently save over 4.7billion naira within six month of his administration through cutting cost and prudent management of resources.
Research has shown that what Governor Umaru Tanko Al-Makura has achieve within one year in office, the 12 years of previous administration in the state could achieve 50% of that one year achievement.
The achievements of Governor Al-Makura are practical evidential achievements that you can touch, feel and enjoy for improve living standard.
But, contrary to 247 report, an internet base media organization who ignorantly and mischievously reported issues that are either belated or being over-taking by event, may be, the writer is not well informed about the true happenings in Nasarawa State.
Lets even examine the 247 mischievous report to determine how the writer fooled himself as the least educated man in Nasarawa State today knows that changes has come because he can fell it.
The six major point enumerated by the writer refers:
a) Erection of a 3 arm zone at the state capital.
b) Free medical programme for the disadvantaged.
c) Construction of special school for the physically challenge.
d) Construction of 3km roads at each local area.
e) Making each ministry and school information technology (ICT) complaint
f) Construction of Mino rail to connect Nasarawa State to FCT
With no apologies to the management and staff of 247 media organization to go back to the basics of mass communication and identify themselves with ethics and values of the profession which in strong terms emphasised balancing of reports to achieve fairness.
May be, the writer does not know what it means three arm zone that has already been actualise long before now.
The government House, Assembly and the Judiciary which represent the Executive, Legislature and the Judiciary are already situated in the right direction, so what is the writer talking about.
The free medical programme was one of the earliest programmes achieved by this administration three consecutive times, where was the 247 reporter.
The Governor has already approve construction of three special schools for the physically challenge persons in the three senatorial district.
Construction of alphate roads within Lafia the state capital are obviously represented while that of local government headquarters and development areas has since been commenced.
The Minister for transport has already promised to connect Nasarawa State to Abuja through the mono rail.
May I invite the management of 247 to come to Nasarawa state on my bill to feel the fresh air we have been enjoying since the assumption of Governor Al-Makura barely one year ago.
I can bet with my last drop of blood, that Al-Makura cannot spend a whooping sum of N915m to celebrate May Day, considering his prudent nature, instead, he will rather sink the money in projects that have direct bearings on the life of the common man.
On the squabbles between the Assembly and the Executive is a normal activity everywhere, let me borrow a leaf from Governor Al-Makura who always said that it is Democracy in action.
247 started on the bad note and that kills credibility.
From Zeenatu Yakubu, millionaires quarters, Lafia Nasarawa State.
The New Direction: A Reflection On Nigeria’s Electric Power Sector Development
Public Lecture by Professor Bart Nnaji, CON, NNOM, FAS,
Honourable Minister of Power, organised by the Nigerian Academy of Science on Thursday, May 10, 2012, at Ritz Continental Hotel, Abuja.
It is always a delight to be in the midst of the nation’s most engaging scholars and scientists who make up the Nigerian Academy of Science. Much as I left academia years ago, I have strong nostalgic feelings of research, teaching and publishing. If not for the strong desire to help find a solution to the debilitating electric power crisis in Nigeria, I certainly would have remained in the academic community to this day. Scholarship is the world’s noblest profession. My paper here is primarily meant to share with you my experience as a scholar who has been in government since June, 2010, charged with the task of providing constant and quality electricity to the Nigerian people. Nigeria’s socioeconomic development rests squarely on the resolution of the power challenge.
Our dear county has for decades suffered an acute power crisis for a number of reasons. The most critical of these factors is the law vesting in the Federal Government the monopoly of the ownership and management of the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power. This law naturally stifled initiative, creativity and growth. For instance, Nasco, a well known manufacturing conglomerate in the Middle Belt of Nigeria, was generating and supplying power efficiently in Jos, Plateau State, until someone reminded the authorities that only the state-owned power utility, National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), had the power to supply electricity to the public. Nasco was thus compelled to discontinue power supply. The result was that electricity supply in Jos became as epileptic as the rest of the country.
THE NEW DIRECTION IN ELECTRICITY DEVELOPMENT
Fully conscious of the profound dangers inherent in monopoly in any sector of the economy, the Electric Power Sector Reform Act was enacted in 2005. The Act brought to an end both the Federal Government monopoly in the sector and NEPA, which was replaced with the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) and was scheduled to exist for only 18months ; on the PHCN ashes emerged 18 successor companies, comprising six generation companies, one transmission company and eleven distribution firms. The 2005 Power Reform Act also provides that all these PHCN successor companies be privatized except the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), which will remain state-owned, but run by a firm with a robust record of efficient and effective management. To ensure that things are done in conformity with the law and in the overriding public interest in the newly liberalized and competitive environment, the ESPR Act( 2005) created the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC).
The full implementation of the reform was, however, suspended along the line. The operation of the Rural Electrification Agency, for instance, was put in abeyance even though it is a creation of the law. The NERC leadership was dissolved and replaced with a sole administrator, a position unknown to the law. The consequence was the cessation of capital which had been flowing into the power sector in response to its liberalization and the creation of an appropriate regulatory framework and environment.
President Godluck Jonathan did the right thing when no sooner he assumed duties in 2010 as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria than he resumed the implementation of the Power Reform Act in earnest, in addition to some steps to make Nigeria leapfrog in its electricity development. He approached the National Assembly for the approval of a 57billion naira supplementary bill, so as to pay the 47,000 PHCN employees monetized benefits owed them since 2003. He set up the Presidential Action Committee on Power (PACP), the highest decision making organ for the electricity sector, with himself as the chairman and ministers and heads of agencies whose offices deal directly and indirectly with power development as members. He also established the Presidential Task Force on Power to operationalise the PACP decisions.
Arising from a comprehensive interpretation of EPSR Act, a Road Map for Power Sector Reform was drawn up which President Jonathan launched in Lagos on August 26, 2010, to the applause of the Nigerian people and the admiration of the international community. The Road Map calibrates the sector’s development up to 2015, complete with timelines. The targets have not been met as we would have liked, but the strategic objective remains incontestable—in fact, inviolate. The Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) will privatise seventeen PHCN successor companies this year; Manitoba Hydro International of Canada has just won the bid for the management of the 18th firm, that is, Transmission Company of Nigeria. The attainment of 40,000Megawats by 2020 to enable Nigeria to become one of the 20 largest world economies in eight years’ time may, after all, not be a mirage or wishful thinking. To generate this quantum of power will require investments of 100billion dollars during this period, with 35% going to generation alone. This humungous capital outlay is not available to the Nigerian government, which is battling with all kinds of competition for financial resources. Nor is it available in the country. This amount is available in the international capital markets.
SOME MILESTONES
To keep the integrity of the ESPR Act, the government has restored the Rural Electrification Agency to its full and statutory status. It is now headed by a Managing Director, not a Sole Administrator. To critics who wonder if there is a need for an agency like the REA, it is appropriate to bring to their knowledge that there are about 2,000 communities in Nigeria without electricity. There were about 1097 REA projects at various stages of completion when the agency went into limbo in 2009 following a reported N5.2 billion fraud. Besides, contractors executing REA projects are owed N3.4 billion, with some of them now dead and others in penury; some have lost their properties used as collateral to obtain bank loans.
The Bulk Electricity trader has been set up, with the Chief Executive and Board of Directors appointed. The Bulk trader exists to provide confidence and comfort to power generation companies to produce as much electricity as they can right, fully aware it will be paid for. The distribution firms, which purchase power from the generation companies, are not yet creditworthy, and the Bulk Trader will continue to operate until the distribution firms become creditworthy. The World Bank is providing Partial Risk Guarantee to the Bulk Trader.
The NERC leadership has since been reconstituted, in conformity with the 2005 Reform Act. This reconstitution has gone a long way to inspire international investor confidence in Nigeria, as a country governed by the rule of law. The United States Exim Bank, which toward the end of last year signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Power for $1.5b credit to Nigerian firms operating in the power sector, is willing to review the facility to $2.5b. This is quite interesting. The US Exim bank facility to the whole of Sub Sahara Africa in 2010 was $1.4b, out of which only $200m came to Nigeria. Yet, between $1.5b and$2.5b is coming to Nigeria’s power sector this time.
General Electric, the world’s largest electricity company, has signed an MOU with the Federal Ministry of Power to help provide 10,000MW and even take up between 10 and 15% equity in new generation companies. GE has for several years sold equipment and parts to Nigerian firms, but it has never invested in our country. Therefore, the equity it is taking up represents a paradigm shift and a vote of confidence in the Power reform.
Following in the GE footsteps is Siemens of Germany which in April, 2012, signed an MoU with the Ministry of Power to assist provide 10,000MW and invest in equities in new power stations. It will, in addition, build a service station in Nigeria within 18months, lead a pilot study on the integration of renewable and traditional forms of energy, etc.
The Daewoo Corporation of South Korea and Electrobras of Brazil are among the new world class companies keenly interested in participating in the power sector following opportunities created by the reform.
The unprecedented international interest is not quite surprising. When the BPE called in 2010 for Expressions of Interest (EoIs) in respect of the 17 PHCN successor companies slated for privatization, no one expected more than 80 EoIs, but as many as 331 EoIs were received. The EoIs came from highly respected companies across the world. It was not easy for the BPE to shortlist 205 out of 331 EoIs. $20,000 was paid for each of the 152 which eventually made the pre-qualification list. The bids for the privatization of 17 out of the 18 PHCN successor companies will be submitted in July, 2012, the evaluation done in August and the result announced in September . The handover of the ownership and management of the companies will be performed later in October. This will mark a turning point in the development of electricity in our country. In the same manner, I am pleased to state that one of the Independent Power Producers (IPPS) will start commercial operations from the third quarter of this year. It will really be a new day in Nigeria.
LEARNING FROM THE VODAFONE MISTAKE
Both local and foreign investors are keenly interested in the Nigerian power sector because they want to avoid the Vodafone mistake. Former President Olusegun Obasanjo pleaded severally with Vodafone of the United kingdom, the world’s biggest mobile phone operator, to invest in Nigeria’s telecommunications sector when the GSM licenses were about to be issued in 2011, but it refused because of our country’s undeserving risk profile in the international scene. The refusal left the room for smaller operators like MTN and Econet to have a field day. When Sir Christopher Gent, the Vodafone chairman, was retiring in 2003 and was asked his greatest regret, he quickly answered that it was not investing in Nigeria’s telecoms market. The return on investment in Nigeria’s telecom market is such that Nigeria is now MTN’s cash cow in the whole of Africa and the Middle East. No wonder, Bharti Telecoms of India paid a whopping $10.6b in March, 2010, to acquire Zain operations in Africa, with the Nigerian market as the investment destination. If the telecoms sector—which used to have a mere 400,000 telephone lines in 2001 but now has about 93million registered lines following the liberalization of the sector—could do so well, we can only imagine what will happen to the much bigger power sector soon.
CAPACITY EXPANSION
When President Jonathan assumed office in 2010, Nigeria was generating about 2,800MW. But in April of the following year, the quantum of available power had moved to 3,800MW, a record 1,000MW addition in one year. All 3,800MW was put on the national grid. Interestingly, when Nigeria produced 3,800MW for the first time—in August, 2010– and attempted to have it on the national grid, it resulted in a system failure. The transmission infrastructure was too fragile to wheel this quantum of power. In other words, between August 2010 and April 2011, we had carried out considerable repairs and general improvements in the system, as we had also done in the distribution network. Between 2009 and 2011, Nigeria used to experience an average of four system failures every month, but between last December and February, 2012, there was no system failure at all. System collapsed for the first time this year in March the present water and gas shortage problem developed. By the first week of January, 2012, when Nigeria achieved an all-time generation record of 4,400MW, the transmission infrastructure was able to transport this quantum of power from the points of generation to areas of consumption. In readiness of the impending dramatic increase in power generation, President Jonathan has approved the building of a 765kv Super Grid, which will see more than a doubling of the present capacity of the transmission lines which currently consist of 132kv and 332kv lines. Construction work on this state of the art infrastructure will start early next year.
NEW SOURCES OF POWER
Nigeria is truly hungry for electric power. Our maximum output of 4,400MW is grossly inadequate. Ours is a nation of 167m people. South Africa, a nation of 47million people, generates 47,000MW, which interestingly has since 2008 proved insufficient. As you know, South Africa has the world’s largest 20th economy. Brazil, another emerging economy with a population of 194m, generates about 135,000MW. In terms of per capita power capacity measured in watts|person, Nigeria’s record is anything but inspiring. It is 29 watts|person. Compare this figure with Brazil’s 490watts|person or America’s 2,900watts|person or India’s 110watts|person. Even neighbouring Ghana has a superior record because it has 1,800MW for its 21milion people which amounts to 85watts|person. To state the obvious, per capita power capacity is an indicator of a country’s economic performance.
The good news is that a number of power plants are being built across the country. So also are transmission substations and transmission lines, as well as distribution facilities. The Federal Government alone is building 10 power plants plus transmission lines and substations under the National Independent Power Project (NIPP). What is more, hydro stations are to be built at Zungeru, Mambilla andGurara. State governments, which have now been permitted to generate and distribute power, are also building. Nigerian and foreign businesses are not left out. Not to be forgotten is that there are a number of abandoned dams in the country; we hope to generate electricity from some of them, ranging from 1MW to 10MW, which will be domiciled in their respective localities, instead of being on the national grid.
We are going beyond the traditional sources of generating power in Nigeria, which are hydro and thermal sources. The Federal Government is leading the effort to build three coal-fired stations to be located in Enugu, Gombe and Kogi states, with each producing 1,000MW. We may need to remind critics that coal is the biggest source of power in the United States and South Africa, among other places. What is more, Nigeria’s coal is of the highest quality worldwide because, among other properties, it has little sulphur content. As part of the diversification programme, a 10MW wind farm is about to be completed in Katsina state. Studies are already being conducted on how we can make greater use of renewable energy, especially with the initial cost of building solar power facilities declining from 400% above the cost of building a gas-fired power facility of the same size to 150% .
HUMAN CAPACITY BUILDING IN THE POWER SECTOR
Ladies and gentlemen, I regret to observe that the power sector is faced with severe manpower shortage in both quantity and quality. The PHCN stopped staff recruitment years ago, despite increasing retirements, etc. The Benin Transmission Region, for instance, has only one climber called linesman; he will soon retire because linesmen are not allowed to climb towers on attaining the age of 45. It is, indeed, regrettable that the PHCN stopped since 1989 its famous structured staff training. Under this training scheme, a fresh Engineering graduate would first go to the Staff Training School in Surulere, then to the training facility in Ijora and finally to the Training School in Kainji where he or she would decided to specialize in Engineering or Transmission or Generation or Distribution.
As an Engineering Professor, I have a duty to address the present anomaly. The National Power Training Institute of Nigeria (NAPTIN) established in 1989 is now being given its pride of place. Some NAPTIN’s training facilities across the country will be commissioned this year by my humble self and the Minister of State for Power. Since its establishment three years ago, NAPTIN had been conducting only short term courses called modules for the PHCN staff. We have changed the situation considerably. NAPTIN is in the process of admitting 500 graduate engineers who will be trained for one year to make them proper power professionals. NAPTIN should go for excellence. The rapidly expanding power sector is in great need of human capital. After all, the Indian Power Training Institute, established in 1965, has trained one million and seventy five thousand power professionals from all over the world, including Nigeria. It runs respected Bachelor’s and Master’s degree programmes. As has been said times without number, the greatest asset of any nation is its human capital. Countries and territories like Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea have practically no mineral deposits, yet they have become economically and technologically advanced.
STAFF WELFARE AND LABOUR ISSUES
This administration , in recognition of the primacy of the human capital in the power sector development, takes staff welfare seriously. I had earlier spoken of how the President, on coming to power, quickly made available N57b to the PHCN to pay its 47,000 employees their monetized benefits which were denied them since 2003 when the Obasanjo government introduced the monetization policy. Last June, the President approved a 50% increase in the PHCN staff salary, and went ahead to provide a N9billion grant to enable the company to start paying for the increase. As you are listening to this lecture, thousands of PHCN staff members who have for several years been working as casual employees are collecting letters converting them to the permanent staff with retroactive effect. As early as last year, the President had graciously approved the setting aside for only the PHCN staff a certain percentage of shares of the 17 PHCN successor companies scheduled for privatization.
As Nigeria presses ahead with its power sector reform, the Jonathan Administration is eager to resolve all outstanding labour issues. There are three of such issues, namely, payment of the retirement or severance package; realignment of the existing pension scheme, which is poorly funded, with the 2005 Pension Reform Act which requires public sector employees to operate accounts with the new pension fund administrators; as well as the choice of the body to be responsible for the payment of existing PHCN retirees, considering that the available resources will dry up within one year.
TARIFF REVIEW
There is a tariff review this year, in accordance with the Multi Year Tariff Order (MYTO), as contained in the EPSR 2005 Act of 2005. This review does not necessarily imply a tariff increase. In the tariff order coming into effect from June 1, 2012, the urban poor and rural dwellers called R1 will not have to pay higher. In fact, they will be paying less in one or two areas. Instead of seven naira per kilowatt hour, they will be paying four naira. They will no longer pay meter maintenance charge. The RI customers are those who consume 50kilwatt hour or less. R2 customers, who belong to the middle class, will be paying only an additional 11% increase, and not 88% higher which was widely reported in the media earlier in the year. The government has provided for a N60b subsidy in this year’s budget and a N50b subsidy in next year’s budget. There will be cross subsidy from 2014. This administration and, indeed, every government in the world have a moral responsibility to protect the weak and poor in our midst. It is important to clarify here the difference between subsidy on petroleum products and subsidy on electricity usage. While that of electricity is production which is designed to enhance socioeconomic progress, that of petroleum products is consumption subsidy. It is also important to point out that unlike the petroleum subsidy, there is no cash involvement in electricity subsidy. The latter subsidy merely shields the poor from high payment.
The R3 customers who are rich consumers will notice a substantial increase in tariff, though not up to the fabled 88%. Different studies have shown that Nigerians are willing to pay a little higher if only they are assured of regular and quality power. Paying a little higher for electricity is far cheaper than the cost of self generation, to say nothing about noise pollution and emission of carbon monoxide which has led to whole families being wiped out in their sleep.
THE CURRENT SETBACKS
Electricity supply had been on the ascent from the last quarter of last year until it dipped in the first week of March, this year. The reason for the sudden change was two-fold: the low levels of water in the dams supplying water to the hydro stations at Kainji, Jebba and Shiroro and the non availability of gas to fire the thermal stations at Egbin, Omotosho, Geregu, Sapele, Ughelli and Olorunshogo. It is our tough luck that we are having the lowest water levels in the dams in 10 years. There was a poor rainy season last year in neighbouring West African countries. You see, there are two flood seasons in Nigeria during which water is harvested for the hydro stations. One is called black flood, and it refers to water from neighbouring countries like Mali. This flood gets to its zenith in November every year. White flood, on the other hand, refers to water derived from the Nigerian territory, and it reaches its peak in July. Hydro plants account for 30% of our power output. With the rainy season now setting in, there will soon be capacity recoveries at the plants which generate about 1,200MW.
The major cause of the ongoing power crisis is, of course, gas non availability. The gas issues arose principally from poor coordination in the past between the Ministry of Power and the Ministry of Petroleum Resources and the agencies under them. Hence, power stations were built without pipelines. There is, in addition, the question of pipelines being available but no molecules in them. To worsen the situation, g as was for long supplied to the PHCN at the incredibly low price of four cents per standard cubic feet. The gas price has now been increased to one dollar per scf in order to incentivize investment in the gas sector. Paying for gas and power supplies, however, has remained a Herculean task for the PHCN because it has been charging electricity consumers a commercially sustainable tariff. The PHCN is currently owing Agip N60b, Shell $78m, Nigerian Gas Company N10b, NIPP N6b and Ibom Power N300m. With a new tariff coming into force on June 1, the PHCN should now be able to pay for gas and power supplies promptly. (The NNPC is owed N110b by various customers, including governments and their agencies which account for 20% of the debt).
Ladies and gentlemen, I am glad to announce that with effect from this month, the NGC, an NNPC subsidiary, will start to increase gas supply to the thermal stations. By December, it will rise to three times the quantity of gas currently made available to the plants. This will mean a tremendous improvement in electricity supplied to the Nigerian people. Still, it will not be enough for the technical capacity we have developed for the power sector. This will be reminiscent of the situation in January, this year, when we developed the capacity to generate 5,500MW, but supplied only 4,400MW because of gas constraints.
CONCLUSION
I would like to assure this distinguished audience and the Nigerian people that once power supply begins to pick up this time, it will not be reversible. The tremendous work done by the Jonathan administration in the power sector has not manifested well because the gestation period in the sector is fairly long. Put succinctly, things can only get better. Far-sighted Nigerian and international businesses recognize the revolution about to occur and are taking far-reaching steps to take advantage of the unfolding policy and developments. A new day is about to break out for all the Nigerian people.
CHICAGO (AP) — In an unmistakable snub, President Barack Obama left Pakistan off a list of nations he thanked Monday for help getting war supplies into Afghanistan.
The omission speaks to the prolonged slump in U.S. relations with Pakistan that clouded a NATO summit where nations were eyeing the exits in Afghanistan.
Tensions that Obama readily acknowledged raise questions about whether Pakistan will help or hurt the goal of a stable Afghanistan. Continued mistrust between the United States and Pakistan also threaten cooperation to eliminate al-Qaida sanctuaries and could undermine U.S. confidence in the security of Pakistan’s growing nuclear arsenal.
“We need to work through some of the tensions that have inevitably arisen after 10 years of our military presence in that region,” Obama said later. “I don’t want to paper over real challenges there.”
Pakistan is not a NATO member but was invited to the summit Sunday and Monday because of its influence in next-door Afghanistan and its role until last year as the major supply route to landlocked NATO forces there. Pakistan closed those routes after a U.S. attack on the Pakistani side of the border killed 24 Pakistani soldiers in November.
The last-minute invitation from NATO to join the Chicago talks was a sign of hope that the rift had healed.
But it hasn’t. And Obama’s dealings with Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari made that clear on Monday.
Zardari came to Obama’s home town expecting a separate meeting with the U.S. leader like the one accorded to Afghan President Hamid Karzai. But without a final deal to reopen the supply lines, no such meeting was to occur.
Obama, along with Karzai, did speak briefly with Zardari on the sidelines of a large group meeting Monday. Karzai dismissed the encounter in an interview with CNN as a “three-way photograph taking…just a photo opportunity.”
That was after Zardari had to sit by as Obama opened Monday’s session with public thanks only to the nations north of Afghanistan who allowed expanded supply shipments to transit their territory to compensate for the closed Pakistani border gates.
“I want to welcome the presence of President Karzai, as well as officials from central Asia and Russia — nations that have an important perspective and that continue to provide critical transit for ISAF supplies,” Obama said, referring to the International Security Assistance Force that is fighting the war.
Pakistani officials played down the snub.
“The supply route on Pakistan’s side has been suspended for the last six months,” Zardari’s spokesman Farhatullah Babar told reporters. “There was really no expectation from our side that the U.S. president would appreciate and admire the suspension of the NATO supply lines.”
The border crossing dispute is stuck over how much the U.S. will pay Pakistan to allow trucks to transit its territory. Before the airstrike, the U.S. paid about $250 per truck. Now, two U.S. officials said, Pakistan wants $5,000 a truck and an apology for the deaths in the airstrike. The Obama administration has said it was willing to pay as much as $500 per vehicle and has expressed condolences and regret, but no apology. The officials spoke on condition of anonymity because the negotiations were being conducted in private.
The prospects for reaching a deal were unclear, even as the stakes grow larger.
Babar said the government had asked negotiators to expedite an agreement, but that “no timeline can be given.”
Obama told reporters at the close of the summit that he knew beforehand that there would be no deal on the supply routes now.
“President Zardari shared with me his belief that these issues can get worked through,” Obama said. “We’re actually making diligent progress on it.”
Zardari also met with Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton on Sunday and made a beeline across a meeting hall to grasp her hand again on Monday morning. The State Department said Clinton and Zardari “discussed the importance of reopening the NATO supply lines,” and of cooperating to fight terrorist threats.
The U.S. and Pakistan have a history of troubled relations that started well before the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. The road has grown only rockier since then. Despite giving Pakistan billions of dollars in aid over the past decade, anti-Americanism is widespread in Pakistan. And after years of sometimes meaningful cooperation in hunting down al-Qaida figures, Pakistan is still seen by many U.S. officials as double-dealing and unreliable.
The transit route issue was a distraction and an embarrassment for the United States at the summit, and Obama’s cool arm’s length treatment of Zardari made it look even worse for the Pakistani president.
“Pakistan has to be part of the solution in Afghanistan, and it is in our national interests that to see a Pakistan that is democratic, that is prosperous and that is stable,” Obama said.
The quarrel over supply routes is intertwined with several other disputes, including Pakistan’s opposition to U.S. drone strikes against terrorist targets inside its borders.
In addition to closing the border crossings in response to the November attack, Pakistan ordered the U.S. to vacate Shamsi air base, which the U.S. was using to launch drone strikes at al-Qaida and Taliban militants.
The top allied commander in Afghanistan, Marine Gen. John Allen, has tried to cast the supply route problem in the best possible light, while acknowledging that he’d like to see the border crossings reopened as soon as possible. Allen said Sunday that by some measure, war stocks are higher now than when the crossings were closed.
That is thanks to an increased — and much more costly — use of alternative routes, including a network of northern routes that connect Baltic and Caspian Sea ports with Afghanistan through Russia and Central Asia and the Caucasus. And they combine sea, rail and truck transport and are more costly than crossing Pakistan by land.
U.S. officials have offered a range of estimates on how much the closing of the Pakistani land routes have added to the overall supply costs, but it apparently is at least two or three times more expensive to move supplies by air and via the northern route.
To underline the value of those alternative supply routes from the north, Defense Secretary Leon Panetta met Monday in Chicago with his counterparts from the central Asian nations of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. He expressed his “deep appreciation for their support” of the northern supply route, Pentagon press secretary George Little said.
At least as troublesome as being forced to use alternative supply routes into Afghanistan is the issue of how to get war materiel out of the country as Allen begins the withdrawal of thousands of U.S. troops this summer. That’s because the withdrawal includes shipment of vehicles and other equipment that would be costly and time consuming to remove by air.
The NATO alliance needs Pakistan’s cooperation to ensure Afghanistan’s long-term stability and security, NATO’s top officer told reporters. That was a mild way of saying that Pakistan can play the spoiler at will and holds cards the fighting force does not. Pakistan shares history, culture and language with Afghanistan’s restive southern swath, and maintains support for Taliban-led insurgents who cross the border to kill U.S. and NATO forces.
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Burns reported from Washington.
Associated Press writer Desmond Butler contributed to this report.
CHICAGO — US President Barack Obama said Monday the United States was very worried about the threat posed by an Al-Qaeda affiliate in Yemen after the group massacred almost 100 soldiers in a huge suicide blast.
Obama pledged to work with the Yemeni government to crack down on Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) which has been blamed for several Yemeni-based attempts to blow up US airliners and cargo planes.
“We are very concerned about Al-Qaeda and extremist activity in Yemen,” Obama told reporters at a NATO summit devoted to ensuring that Al-Qaeda is not allowed to regroup in another one-time terror haven, Afghanistan.
Obama said there was no doubt that Yemen’s poverty and instability attracted extremists, and added that Washington, which has used drones to take out leaders of AQAP, had a robust counter-terror operation there.
“We’re going to continue to work with the Yemeni government to try to identify AQAP leadership and operations and try to thwart them,” Obama said.
“That’s important for US safety, it’s also important for the stability of Yemen and for the region.”
In the attack, a soldier detonated explosives under his uniform in the middle of a battalion, killing 96 troops and wounding about 300, in a massive blast witnesses said echoed loudly across Sanaa, causing panic among residents.
AQAP claimed responsibility for the attack which it said targeted “the defense minister and other leaders of the US war on our people in Abyan” province in the south.
Obama said the United States had learned from its time in Afghanistan that it was vital to stay focused on counter terror operations and to work with local governments and not to over extend US forces.
“We’ve got similar problems in Somalia, what’s happening now in Mali and the Sahel,” Obama said, adding that terrorists would seek to infiltrate nations where the machinery of the state was “wobbly.”
Earlier, Obama’s counterterrorism chief John Brennan spoke to Yemeni President Abdo Rabu Mansour Hadi who “pledged not to let terrorist acts interfere with Yemen’s peaceful political transition,” a statement said.
State Department deputy spokesman Mark Toner reinforced the White House statement.
“This cowardly attack highlights the lengths to which Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula will go to wreak havoc in Yemen and beyond,” he said.
“The United States remains committed to a comprehensive strategy that emphasizes governance and economic development as well as counterterrorism efforts in Yemen,” Toner said in a statement.
Obama last week signed a decree allowing sanctions to be imposed on individuals or entities deemed a threat to Yemen’s stability which empowers the US Treasury to subject offending individuals and entities to asset freezes while prohibiting Americans from doing business with them.
The United States has carried out regular drone strikes against AQAP suspects in Yemen.
In May, several US drone strikes killed a number of Al-Qaeda militants including a top Al-Qaeda leader wanted following the disruption of a plot for a suicide bomber to wear a device sewn into custom fit underwear designed to bring down a passenger jet.
The plot mirrored another Yemen-based plot, on Christmas Day 2009, when a suicide bomber tried to bring down a US airliner over Detroit, but the device failed to properly explode.
An agreement to create a bi-weekly English language educational radio show was signed between Abdulkader al-Tuhami, the general manager of the Libyan National Broadcasting Corporation, and Cherry Gough, the Director of the British Council in Libya on May 17th in Tripoli.
The agreement followed the signing of a memorandum of understanding between the Ministry of Higher Education and the British Council on partnership programs.
The project, to be known as Learn English Radio (LER) has been welcomed by many Libyans.
According to the Libya Herald, during the later years of Muammar Gaddafi’s regime, especially between 1985 and 1995 English language training was dropped from the national curriculum. The Libyan government purposefully worked to prevent Libyans from learning English although Gaddafi spoke some English himself.
According to several Libyans who spoke to Tunisia Live, for years, Gaddafi used illiteracy and the deprivation of adequate education as a tool to prop up his dictatorship and repress dissent.
“One of the tactics in Gaddafi’s playbook was to force us to sink into the abyss of ignorance. English is an international language, use of the English language could have been a tool for us to tell the world about Gaddafi’s repression, this is what he most feared,” Hafedh Ftiss a director of the Amazigh International Council told Tunisia Live.
In many official speeches, Gaddafi would declare that the main adversaries of Libya were English speaking nations. He used this political pretext to drop the learning of English in Libyan educational institutions.
Al Moghani Hassan Mohamed wrote about Gaddafi’s hostile attitude towards the English language in his Durham University doctoral dissertation entitled “Students’ Perceptions of Motivation in English Language Learning in Libya.” According to Mohamed, in one speech, Gaddafi allegedly said, “We are a natural and historical opposite of America as an imperialist power…one of America’s tasks, as an imperialist power hostile to freedom is to threaten the Jamahirya.”
In reality though the lack of English language training was a big masquerade that Gadaffi put on to fool the Libyan people according to Ftiss, “Gadaffi had good relationships with many English speaking countries including the ones he called his rivals. His war on the English language was a method to keep Libya isolated from the outside world, which was a policy only good for Gadaffi and no other Libyan,” argued Ftiss.
Ftiss said that Libyan history was another subject highly obscured by the former regime that the new government would have to work to revive. “We need to learn about the collective memory that unites us all. We need to know about the history of North Africa and Libya. History was totally ignored in Libyan education before the revolution.”
Facebook comments by Libyans appear to be mostly positive towards the new English language initiative on the Britih Council facebook page.
“Great news…when will the programs start? I want to tell my friends.” wrote Adel Gosaibat, a Facebook user.
Although the launch date of the English learning radio show has not yet been confirmed, Libyans can look forward to the day when they can learn English from listening to the radio.
“I am from Nassarawa state and my brother who was a Mobile Police Corporal served in Bayelsa State. His name was Aliyu Clement and he died in November 2011.When he came to the village, he fell sick and died. We sent signal to Bayelsa but the signal was said to have stopped on the way.” – stated the arrested man under interrogation who gave his name as John Apovan. He stated that the suspected bombs and ammunition belonged to his late brother who was a corporal with the Police Mobile Force in Bayelsa. He added also that he had decided to bring the package to Abuja to the Federal Minister of Information and Communication because he was afraid to go to the police.
But more details made available to 247ureports.com through sources close to the dreaded Islamic group, the Boko Haram, indicates that man did not go to attack the top officials gathered at the Ministry of Information – comprising of the ministers of Information, Labaran Maku; Aviation, Princess Stella Oduah and Youths, Mallam Bolaji Abdullahi who were presenting their achievements at the Ministerial Platform in commemoration of the forth-coming Democracy Day and first anniversary of the administration of President Goodluck Jonathan.
The source revealed that the security operatives may have mistakenly and maybe unknowningly stumbled onto the modus operandi of the Boko Haram.
He explains that the arrested man, ‘John Apovan from Nasarawa State’, was not part of the attack soldiers. “He was not there to attack.His job was to smuggle the material into the premises“.
The gentle and responsible demeanor of the arrested man, ‘John Apovan from Nasarawa State’, as learnt, was the reason he was used to smuggle the weapons into the Radio House compound – and plant them somewhere for the would-be attackers on a later date.
As informed, the would-be attackers would pose a high security risk to have them carry the weapons on themselves. The weapons/exposives were to be planted carefully inside the compound – for the attackers to use -on the selected day of attack.
The source pointed to the attack at Bayero University Old Campus Kano as an example.
He reveals that the attack in Kano was staged in phases. “Women with children tied to their backs were used to smuggle attack materials into the campus” said the source who continued to explain that the security men stationed at the Gate were not concerned with searching such women thoroughly but “other means of smuggling were also used“. He explained that the discovery of unused explosives and ammunitions at the attack site at Bayero University Kano days later – were indicative that the weapons were planted there before the day of the attack – by other persons.
Interestingly, one of the persons used to smuggle materials into the campus has been fingered to be a man from Calabar, Mr. Effiong.
The source also revealed that the recent attempt at peace dialogue with a faction of the Boko Haram based in Borno State – the Ali Jos faction – may have not settled well with the Shekau led Boko Haram. Already, the Shekau led Boko Haram had sent out signals to the Federal Government of the dangers of dialoguing with the Ali Jos group. It is suspected that the Shekau group may embark on an intensified mission to prove their dominance of the Ali Jos faction.
[Democracy Day will be a day to remain in prayers.]
In contemporary time, jihad is often understood as the violent process of waging war againstnon-Muslims. Muslims themselves have promoted it as a form of cleasing of external influencesfrom the Islamic personality at an individual level. However, historically in West Africa, jihadwas used as a pattern of Islamization to eradicate paganism and African culture to homogenizesociety as a whole to become a part of the Islamic Ummah. Islamization as a process occurred inevery age and time through revivalist movements that challenged particular order. Knowledgeand Islamization in relation to society is understood as the transformation of the public sphere interms of mass distribution of Islamic symbols and the increase of political representation of Islam. In other words, it is the contention of purporting an Islamic worldview by introducingIslamic values and method into educational institutions, science and politics.
Advent of Islam in west Africa
Islam made inroad into West Africa by trade, intermarriage and pilgrimage. Following the Arabconquest of North Africa, the Berbers accepted Islam and carried it across the Sahara to thekingdom of Soninke. The transmitting of Islam through culture explains its peaceful process of conversion, but its success laid in the Africanization of Islam. It proved its rational basis,simplicity and adaptability and tradition of scholarship. It was common, like in Gao that peoplewere pagans and their king a Muslim and so the court customs remained Pre -Islamic. Likewise,in Ghana Muslims lived in separate quarters under the protection of a pagan king who seek their prayers in overcoming plots, wars, and drought. It was difficult to rule over a powerful minorityMuslim community who monopolized trade and had extensive foreign relations but also had to please the pagan majority. Ibn Battuta’s (1352-1353 A.D) accounts firmly placed Islam in thekingdom of Mali. He describes the political system as a struggle of influence between paganismand Islam especially when religion appealed differently to different social groups.Ritualism was prevalent and offering prayers was regarded the main tenet. There were no Kadi tosettle disputes and the community litigated before a preacher to settle through conciliation. The Quran was regarded as a source of blessing instead of a revelation of the divine law. The ulemawere also of two kinds; those close to the king that integrated into the socio-political system of the state who accepted the realities of compromise and presented Islam in dilute and mild forms.The other kind maintained high standard of scholarship well connected to other centers of learning and more interested in the application of Islamic Law. They presented a normativeIslam, different from the practiced and so were in a position to deal with kings in an independentcapacity. The radical break with the past could not be accomplished through evolution; an armedrevolution was necessary. Therefore if the kings cannot turn to be true Muslims then the onlyway was for the ulema to become chief to make an Islamic state. Therefore, a median positionwas adopted in political system and the change to Islam came between 1785-1898 through the jihad of , Usman Dan Fodiyo, Ahmad b. Muhammad, al-hajj Mahmud, al-hajj Umar al-Futiwhich spread the tijani message, al-hajj Muhammad al- Amin of Gambia, Samory Ture innorthern Ghana. It was these great Muslim leaders of the states of the Sudan that Edward Blydenspoke so highly of in a London suburb on the anniversary of Liberian independence in 1874.Blyden summoned up the great characteristics of the Muslims and the Islamic spirit of brotherhood in the following words:’They read constantly the same books, and from this they derive that community of ideas and thatunderstanding of each other which gives them the power of ready organization and effectiveaction. Without the aid or hindrance of the foreigners, then they are growing up gradually andnormally to take their place in the great family of nations, a distinct but integral part of the greathuman body, who will neither be spurious Europeans, bastard Americans, nor savage Africans, but men developed upon the basis of their own idiosyncracies and according to the exigencies of the climate and country.The result was the set up of centralized Islamic polities, although strictly speaking it did notresult in theocries rather the moving of Islam to the center as the source of state legitimacy. Itreduced paganism to the lowest rungs of society and thus forcing pagans to convert. This system remained intact until colonial occupation.
What were the customs and practises that led to Jihad and Islamization of the region?
From Ibn Battuta’s account of African native culture it can be deciphered that it was tribal.African polytheism involved human sacrifice and the use of human organs to make charms andamulets.Paganism dominated the supernatural forces that reigned on earth, sky, forest and water.They derive their genealogy from the the maternal uncle and neither does a man pass on hisinheritance to his sons but to the sons of his sister.The free mixing of genders in which men didnot experience jealousy and women continued to have friends and companions after marriage.Women were not veiled and not modest in the presence of men inspite of their perseverance in prayer and would not even in ramadan cover up. On marriage they could not travel with men andwhen they did ,only permitted within a set territorial boundary. They ate animals not rituallyslaughtered or permitted like dog, donkey.Many pagan tribes were cannibals and Ibn Battutarelates that once when a woman was offered as a hospitality by a king she was slaughtered andeaten .The pagan belief system, believed in a high god not actively connected with everyday lifeof men but connected to them through a chain of supernatural forces that controlled destiny .TheUbangiji was the high god and the supernatural forces were Iskoki that acted as the medium of agood relationship between god and men, through rituals which were often sacrifices or possession of being. It supported a class of priests skilled in the mysteries of Iskoki ,that were politically powerful since the king was made the center of public rituals.This is known as theBori-cult .The people were most humble before their king and little injustice was found among them. Thegood is that they are regular in prayer and particular even with their children, especially on theoccasion of Friday prayer even the poorest among them washes his clothes and wears white to goand pray. They learn Quran by heart and punish those who would not learn by chainingthem.They make fetters for their children when they appear on their part to be falling short intheir learning of Quran by heart, and they are not taken off from them until they do learn byheart. I went to visit him on id day and his children were tied up for this reason.
Early Islam in northern Nigeria
According to the, Kano Cronicles which is the earliest written historical record of the Hausas andtranslated from Arabic to English by Palmer,Islam first came to northern Nigeria in the reign of Yaji of Kano in fourteenth century. The wangarawa trading scholars like Abdur Rahman Zaiti,kebe, Mutuku,Yakasai, Shehu, Auwula and Imam of Madatai from Mali spread Islam in theregion by preaching and practical display of the beauty, elegance and excellence of Islam. It wasaround this period Muhammad Kurau of Katsina embraced Islam and became the first Muslimking however it was during the reign of Sarki Yakubu that books on fiqh and etymology began to be studied brought from Timbuktu.The Sankore university of Timbaktu is credited to be the firstMuslim university in West Africa with its ijazat fully equvelant to any great Islamic centers of learning beyond Sudan. Initially its scholars were influenced by North Africa but from sixteenthcentury onwards replaced by Egypt mainly because of its greater theological and legal pluralism.Unlike the north Africans ,the Egyptian permitted individual freedom to choose amongthe four madhab and were more tolerant to mixed Islam and had anticipated the ijtihadmovement of subsequent centuries.Under the reign of king Muhammad Rumfa of Kano Islamization began to influence the way of life for ordinary people.The great Muslim scholar Muhammad bin Ahmad al- Maghili fromSankore university came to advise king Rumfa on matter of running his government inaccordance with shariah. He was later appointed the qadi at Katsina who invited a number of Muslim emissaries from Medina to live and teach and it became a hub of traders and scholarsfrom Magrib,Tripoli, Egypt. Hausa traders and government took to writing Hausa language inArabic script using the kufi script and old scripts were abandoned and later destroyed in DanFodiyo’s jihad.Hausas worshipped their ancestors and revered them so much that out of respectthey did not even call out their name like in Dambatta.The sacred tree of ‘Madabi’ near Dala Hillwas cut down and a mosque was built in its place. This was the first mosque in Kano and knownas Madabi Mosque and it’s imams went to Makka on pilgrimage and returned with Islamic booksthat founded schools in which they were taught. However pagan practises and supersitioncontinued and were mixed with Islam and presented as acceptable and permitted in the religion.
Usman Dan Fodio Ideas on issues of his times
Uthman b.Muhammad b.Uthman b. Salih was born in Maratta in Gobir, a Hausa state on 15th December . His father was a prominent renowned scholar Muhammad Fodiyo decendent of Torankawa Fulani who had emigrated from present day Senegal in fifteenth century under their leader Musa Jakolo. In childhood he moved to Dengel where he gained his early education in thetraditional Islamic tradition.This has been described by El-Masri,’as having atained a basic knowledge of the religion, reading and writing in boyhood, the aspirantscholar would then travel about to learned men and stay with them till he had perfected with eachthe particular science in which he had gained his fame; having completed his studies to thesatisfaction of a master he would then be given a licence(ijaza) to teach the subject he had beentaught, on the authority of the master. In this way the talib would go around to collect ijaza andthus establish fame as a recognised scholar. This process would not normally cease at a certainstage or age for whenever a scholar was to be found who excelled himself in a branch of knowledge no matter whether a local man or a foreigner others would go to study under him.Thisis why Dan Fodio continued going to study while he himself was teaching and preaching.This is confirmed by his brother Abdullah who records that Shehu had too many teachers to berecorded since he never spared an opportunity to add to his knowledge. He was influenced andtaught by Jibril b. Umar, a severe critic of state affairs and who carried out an unsuccessful jihadhimself. Others were Shaikh Abdal al-Rahman b. Hammada taught him syntax and science of grammar, Jibril b. Umar was a Tuareg scholar of great scholarship and revolutionary zeal whowas greatly respected by him.He learnt Sahih of al- Bukhari and tafsir from Haj Muhammad b.Raji and Ahmad b. Muhammad while Hashim al- Zamfari also taught him tafsir. He wassurrounded by intellectuals like his uncles, Uthman Binduri, Muhammad Sambo, his brother Abdullah and later son Ahmad Bello. Hence it is concluded that his intellectualism was from acurriculum of a large variety of subjects like grammar, syntax,elymology, prosody of Arabiclanguage, Tafsir, Sahih al- Bukhari, Sirat, Fiqh, Ibadat, Astrology which studied the stars and planets and Sufism.By 1774-5 he was qualified to teach and preach and began to do so in Degel, although he saw hisrole more of a reformer with a clear mission as stated in his book Ifham al- Munkirin,’ God the exalted, has ordained to send forth to the umma at the end of every century a scholar (Alim) who would revive her religion for her.Such a scholar or mujaddid, would take upon himself the duty of enjoying the good and forbidding the evil. He would call for the regulation of the affairs of the people and the establishment of justice amongst them. He would support thetruth against falsehood, revive the sunnah, suppress innovation, and denounce bad customs. As aresult of his activities his conditions will be different from those of the ulama of his age and hewill find himself a stranger………The main issues that caught his attention was the rigidity and venality of the ummah, theuncertainty in belief and the continuation of pagan customs but above all the general ignoranceof people about Islam.Therefore, he set out to rectify these issues by travelling to different townsof Gobir to teach and preach ,firstly to Birnin Kebbi to the West and Zoma in the east. Largenumbers of people responded to his call and began visiting and following him. He was aknowledgeable , charismatic, sincere an committed preacher who feared none. Shehu faced muchopposition from all direction that feared him and wish to maintain the status quo while Shehuwas committed to change.He was accused of hypocrisy, sedition, hearsay and misleading thecommon man which gradually grew into unwarranted attacks and even persecution.His opposition came from the ulema who wished to maintain the state of affairs to retain power and the charlatans who posed as sufi saints but were very ignorant and depended on mysticalexperience of transcendental knowledge.Shehu had criticized these ulema for justifying politicalcorruption, immorality, promotion of evil through local customs and culture and especially promoting slavery among muslims.These highlighted the issues of those times such as, the ulema’s strict adherence to Maliki schooland making fanatical interpretation and muddling of the very defination of who is a Muslim? Thequestion of belief and non belief was central to determining the rights and obligations of theindividual in society and directly related to the institution of slavery which was widespread. AMuslim could not be enslaved by a fellow Muslim and by not defining clearly change wasimpossible. The ulema of Gobir adhered to the view of Al- Maghili who branded all who prayedin the direction of Kaba as Muslim and gave three criteia as, professing of belief and acceptingthe prophecy, distinguishing between the beliver and non through an act of unbelief like idolworship etc and to say something known would not emanate except from one who does not knowGod even if the one who says it asserts that he does not know God. This room for specific practices of unbelief was unacceptable to Shehu.Another group of ulema following Ulama al-Kalam defined a Muslim if he could explain the unity of allah (s.w.a) and prophethood of Muhammad(s.a.w). Instead he argued that if a sinner recognized his sin, he proves that heaccepts shariah although if a sin is either intentionally or persistently continued through personalattitude means the denial of law and involves the question of intention which God alone knowsand so a judgment be left for the final day of judgment. In his book Ihya al- Sunna, he defines hismoderate position,’ Whosoever affirms the ‘confession of faith’ should be treated in accordancewith the Islamic legal rules, he may intermarry with the Muslims, he may lead the prayer, themeat of animals slaughtered by him is lawful, the Muslims may inherit his property and he mayinherit their own, and when he dies he should be buried in the Muslim grave yard’. This firmlyliberated people from exploitation and injustice and Shehu was seen as the long awaited mahdiwho would rescue his people.Secondly the issue as to what extent Muslims could follow their local custom was decided. Theulema had cordoned all customs and traditions on the grounds of being ada and so part of sunna, but this was claimed false by Shehu.His stand was moderate where he argued that such customsshould be permitted and their persistence made people sinners and unbelivers.Thirdly, the mostextensively discussed was on mass ignorance about Islam among his people.His commitmentwas basically to eradicate it and to teach the basics of ibadah of Islam correctly. In this regardtoo he was critical of ulema who teach a few students and ignore women and slaves.He belivedwomen education was important since they form the backbone of the family and thus thesociety.His daughter Asmau was highly educated and serves to remind that what he preached iswhat he practised. His son Muhammad Bello is credited to have written seventy eight bookswhile Usman Dan fodio with as many as hundred and fifteen. Some were,Talimal Ikhwan which was on the philosophy of law and jurisprudence.Kitab Faraq on the question of leadership and dealing with problems of illegal taxation, arbitaryconfiscation of property, corruption of judges,perversion of legal process etc.Hidayat Tullab related to Islamic law and Muslim society.Umdatal Ubbad a guidline for voluntary acts of devotion like prayer,ibadat and focus of spiritualtraining.Kitab al- Adab discussed 15 issue like obligation of husband & wife, ethics of visit to sick, social behaviour.
Tariqal al- Ganna on moral ideals.The mood of his preaching and the tone of his writing reflectthe intellectual and political development of his society, hence initially his writings were milduntil 1790s and when jihad was emminent he was uncompromising and after the establishment of Sokoto Sultanate again mild. His strategy was to disperse as many students as possible so Islamis promolgated, discussed and ignorance of the people reduced. His committment to masseducation set the course of his books that were hand copied and circulated. His moderate positionon important issues conform to the Islamic principle of middle course and the intrinsic simplicityof Islam became the reasons for his mass following among his people and intellectuals. This wasfeared by the kings of the region who felt threatened by this new phenomena of conversions andmass following. In 1789 Shehu was invited by Bawa the king of Gobir to celebrate Id al Kabir atMagami. It was planned that he would be killed but when Shehu was accompanied by a thousandfollowers, the king quickly changed his mind and instead tried to win them over by offeringgifts.On accepting the gifts of which the greatest was of 500 mithaqls to him, Shehu made fivedemands from the king,1. Allow him to preach the word of Allah (s.w.a) in Gobir.2. Allow people to convert if they wish.3. Give respect to turbaned men (his followers).4. Free all prisoners that were taken from Zamfara ( a hostile state but had more converts).5. Not to burden the people with more taxes.These were accepted by the king since he realised how influential Shehu had become.The firsttwo demands indicate the alarming proportion of followers that the king wished to contain. Thethird was on the discrimination his followers must have faced in their practices and attair whichmust be visually having an impact.The demand for freeing of prisoner shows the powerful position Shehu was in and reduction of tax especially on cattle must be liberating for the people.
Usman Dan Fodio’s Hijrah
By 1795, the power was the rulers was eroding with the consolidation of Shehu’s Jama’a wasonly increased their persecution.It was around this period that Shehu wrote a poem in praise of Sheikh Abdul Kadir Jilani in which he urged his jamaa to acqiure arms to establish Islamic rulein Hausa land. To quell his insecurity the King promulgated new laws, 1.No one was allowed to preach except Usman Dan Fodio.2.Conversions were not allowed and those who were not born Muslims should revert back totheir old religion.3.No man was allowed to wear the turban and no women a veil.This attempt to control the masses failed and provoked Muslims to become militant and amassarms. The failure of the policy forced desperate King Nafata forced to take Shehu’s familyhostage and coerce him to discontinue his activities but this too failed and the king died in 1802.Yunfa took over the throne when Shehu wrote on the theme of Hijra and Jihad in Al-Masa’il al-Mu-himma, and again an attempt on his life was made and it again failed.By 1803 the situationwas explosive and when Yumfa attacked Gimbana in Kebbie, Muslim property was robbed andMuslims were taken captive with many dead and villages destroyed.When the captives passedDegel they were freed by other Muslims without Shehu’s permission but this made Yunfa toorder him to leave his jamaa and go into exile.Shehu refused to leave his Jamaa and instead leaveGobir for Gudu. Yunfa sensing mass exedous ordered him to stay back but the descion was madeand the whole process was organised by his brother Abdullah, Aliyu Jedo, Abdusalam andMuhammad Bello his son. It was at this time that the famous, pamplet, Wathiqat ahl al-Sudanwa-ila man Sha’Allah min al-Ikhwan fi al- buldan was written as the manifesto of jihad. It waswidely circulated and a kind of declaration of Jihad.It made it clear that the status of a state isthe ruler and if Muslims have to fight the unbelievers so be it. Thus Shehu and his party of Jamaamoved from Degel to Gudu marking it as the Hijrah in 1804. It was the climax of a social and political crisis the Hausa states were facing and the final break from the pagan kings of theJamaa.
His Jihad
At Gudu the Jamaa began to swell and an imam was elected like the set up of the Islamic state atMedina. Shehu was elected the leader and called Amir al-Mu’minin or Sarkin Muslimin and thecall for jihad against pagans and half Muslims was made. Twelve flag bearers were initially sentto act his commander to Zaria and Katsina with the most difficult battle against Gobir that waseventually won. Kano and Zazzau remained hesitant but were won over and the rest of the stateswere sent letters to invite and join the cause of truth against falsehood.The Jihad ended in 1808 and Shehu appointed his son Muhammad Bello to be the first Sultan to a united states of SokotoSultanate and retire himself to preaching, teaching and writing books. He died in 1817 andcontinue to influence Islamization process in Nigeria.Examining the Jihad in the light of established principles of Islam, the primary purpose of government is rendering possible of ibadah.The moral purpose of of the state becomes manifest in the obligation to command thegood and prohibit the bad as the foremost civic religious duty. Al Ghazali calls this duty thegreatest pole in the religion and al- Mawardi a specific duty.The purpose of Muslim governmentis derived from the above political theory and according to al Ashari, its execution may be done by tongue, hand, or sword- which ever way is able.The Muslim community is to be safeguardedagainst schism and heresy and in the case of a breach, jihad is to be proclaimed since the country becomes Dar al Kufr and not Dar al- Islam. In 1808 Bello his son decided to build a capital onneutral ground and Sokoto was founded, and the Sokoto Caliphate was established that coveredtwo third of present Nigeria.The impact of the jihad was felt as far as the Carribeans in Jamicawhen in 1820s a document called Wathiqah surfaced among black slaves, it was the sameWithiqah ahl- Sudan that Shehu wrote as his call for jihad . It is believed some of these men were jihadi or traders carrying Arabic manuscripts that on the way caught and enslaved. It became thesource of strength and unity among them against the white slave masters and resulted in the slaveriots of Manchaster Jamica in 1832. It was secretly circulated among them under the leadershipof Muhammad Kaba (Robert Peart) who hailed from eastern Timbaktu and a well knownscholar. Likewise, is the story of Abdullah another well known scholar from Messina Empire inMali (where revolutionary ideas of Shehu were carried out through Seku Amadu’s jihad) todaywho got freed and returned . Hence Usman Dan fodio’s jihad can been seen as the establishmentof Islamic order in Northern Nigeria. In assessing the jihad critically, the cattle tax that was preached against was restored and overallindirect taxes in the ninteenth century increased.The Hausa could no longer participate ingovernment directly although socially there was no animosity between the two. Hausa statesexperienced good justice system with the kadi an independent authority.The most importantchanged remained political and religious but Barth strongly suggest the conflict between Hausaand fulani seriously crippled the emirate’s economy and development.
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References:
Sir Ahamadu Bello,’My Life’, Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1962.Said Hamdun & Noel King,’ Ibn Battuta in Black Africa’.London.Rex Colling Ltd.1975.Abdur Rahman Doi, Islam inMeryn Hiskett, The Course of Islam in Africa. Edinbrough.Edin brough UniversityPress.1994( Islamic Surveys).Great Lives Book One Ministry of Education Sokoto State.Ibadan.University Press.1981.Usman Muhammad Bugaje,’ The Contents, methods and impact of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio’sTeaching (1774-1804), Masters Dissertation, Institute of African & Asian Studies, University of Khartoum. 1979.Usman Muhammad Bugaje, The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodio and its impact beyond theSokoto caliphate.’ Paper presented at Symposium in honour of Usman Dan Fodio. University of Khartum.9-21st November 1995.Usman Muhammad Bugaje,The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa’ Paper presentedInternational Seminar on the Intellectual Tradition in Sokoto Caliphate.Organized by Center of Islamic Studies.University of Sokoto from 20-23 June 1987.
Minister Of Youth Development Alhaji Bolaji Abdullahi
Information available to 247ureports.com indicates that the Federal Ministry of Youth Development under the leadership of Alhaji Bolaji Abdullahi may have begun exhibiting symptoms of mismanagement of financial resources available to the Ministry. This is as the Ministry charged with the responsibility of disbursement of NYSC allowances to corpers across the nation failed to make available the said monies to the youth corpers for the month of April 2012.
As gathered through independent inquiry, the youth corpers staged in Kaduna, Zamfara, Oyo, Lagos confirmed to our correspondent that they have yet to receive their April 2012 allowance as of May 22, 2012. The corpers who have become agitated and visibly angry indicated that they find themselves helpless to the situation – as the representatives of the Ministry of Youth Development had warned the corpers not to talk to the media – or table their grieviance to any channel other than the Ministry of Youth Development.
The delayed allowance, it is feared may be symptomatic of a larger problem within the Ministry of Youth Development. It remains uncertain. When our correspondent attempted to the the media aides to the Minister – they did not answer their calls or text messages.
One can clearly observe several contradictions in the political scenario and attitude displayed by Kuwait. Kuwaitis can trace their roots and background either to Saudi Arabia or Iran. Some obtained citizenship after residing here for several years (like some well-known Palestinians families) or through marriage. A few may have been naturalized because of different reasons — a matter of speculation and suspicion in the National Assembly! Today, I am more interested in examining if Iran is actually a threat to us when compared to the population, beliefs and country status. This topic will be examined in two parts.
Kuwait covers an area of 17,820 square kilometers with a population of about 3.5 million including expatriates. Census statistics show that about seventy percent of Kuwaitis are Sunnis while the rest 30 percent are Shiites. A small number of Kuwaiti Christians exist too. The bedoons issue is a hot topic now. According to Human Rights Watch report, the number of bedoons in Kuwait total to 120,000. Since 2011, hundreds of bedoons from Jahra have taken to the streets demanding citizenship. They have clashed with security forces several times, but their problems remain unresolved.
In 2012, fresh protests were organized in Jahra and Sulaibiya where most bedoon reside. Many Kuwaiti political leaders believe that the bedoon are holders of foreign passports that choose to simply hide it. So, the saga of the stateless in Kuwait continues. Personally, I think that their situation could escalate if no prompt measures are taken. Kuwait’s citizens have the freedom to express their opinion through social networking platforms like Twitter, private TV channels. These are easily accessible at all times!
News about Bahrain planning to join with Saudi Arabia(proposed Gulf Union) provoked many of its Shia citizens to protest asserting that Bahrain was not for sale and that this plan would give Saudi Arabia an upper hand in Bahrain’s political affairs and future. This was clearly not welcomed by many Iranian officials and some people in other GCC countries, including Kuwait. Some feel that the so-called Gulf Union will benefit Saudi Arabia more than other countries, bearing in mind that not everyone agrees upon internal policies! I think I agree and understand that point and share concerns about the future. Will this unity have an impact on many of the historic privileges we enjoyed for a long time? What will happen to our Constitution , its articles and the many benefits that citizens enjoy in terms of individual freedom and freedom of expression.
I understand the concerns shared by Gulf countries if they were to become united under the leadership of Saudi Arabia. Does that mean that we will have to obey Saudi Arabia’s rules or Kuwait’s regulations? What about countries’ identities and the civil rights of all Shiites and Sunni, male and female? I think these are serious issues that need to be kept in mind if Kuwait decides to join this yet-to-be formed union. Think about European Union. The union was not formed because the countries were riding high on emotions and fears of being attacked by neighbors.
Forming a union is worthwhile only if each country commits to improve its economy, civil and human rights practices. So, the standards set should not be mere geographic proximity but on other interests and respect. No country should dominate the other! The problem with Gulf countries is that the existing Council did not serve as a role model of unity that benefits citizens and residents. This topic has brought in more differences between the Kuwaitis; some favored it while others like me are more skeptical. Now, if this move is motivated by perceiving Iran as a threat, then it is time to examine the Shiites say in this.
